巧解“七选五”阅读理解

成礼学馆  屈拴乐

“七选五”阅读理解是高考英语中的重要阅读题型，2020年军考英语也将此题型引入，成为正式的军考试题。无论高考，还是军考，这种题型都有一些解题的“关键点”和巧妙的解题方法。今天笔者就和大家一起来分享自己的经验：如何巧解“七选五”阅读试题。

一、标题法及标题逆向法

首先说标题法，标题法就是根据设空位置来判断是否为段落的小标题。有些文章层次结构非常清晰，段落的小标题往往用点、星号等特殊符号标出，且单独成段；有些文章层次结构不那么明显，特别是近几年的高考试题，文章结构都不那么清晰，但是考查段落主题句的题目仍然存在，这其实还是相当于考查段落的小标题，这种题目往往出现在段首。

做这种题目我们就需要利用标题法来解题，以下面这篇阅读题目为例，来具体讲解一下这种试题的解题方法：

If you are already making the time to exercise, it is good indeed! With such busy lives, it can be hard to try and find the time to work out.    36    Working out in the morning provides additional benefits beyond being physically fit.

Your productivity is improved. Exercising makes you more awake and ready to handle whatever is ahead of you for the day.    37  

Your metabolism (新陈代谢) gets a head start.    38    If you work out in the mornings, then you will be getting the calorie burning benefits for the whole day, not in your sleep.

   39    Studies found that people who woke up early for exercise slept better than those who exercised in the evening. Exercise energizes you, so it is more difficult to relax and have a peaceful sleep when you are very excited.

   40    If you work out bright and early in the morning, you will be more likely to stick to healthy food choices throughout the day. Who would want to ruin their good workout by eating junk food? You will want to continue to focus on positive choices.

There are a lot of benefits to working out, especially in the mornings. Set your alarm clock an hour early and push yourself to work out! You will feel energized all day long.

A. You will stick to your diet.

B. Your quality of sleep improves.

C. You prefer healthy food to fast food.

D. There is no reason you should exercise in the morning.

E. You can keep you head clear for 4-10 hours after exercise.

F. After you exercise, you continue to burn calories throughout the day.

G. If you are planning to do exercise regularly, or you’re doing it now, then listen up.

首先，通过观察题目，我们可以确定第39和40小题要使用标题法（这种题目往往设置在段首）；

其次，我们观察已有标题：Your productivity is improved.和Your metabolism gets a head start.可以发现这些标题都很短，且都是Your …，所以我们根据这些特征，锁定选择范围是ABC这三个项。

最后，看段落的展开句，找关键词解答。比如第39小题，后面的展开句Studies found that people who woke up early for exercise slept better than those who exercised in the evening.中有关键词slept，这和B项中的sleep是同一个词，所以答案为B；第40小题，后面的展开句If you work out bright and early in the morning, you will be more likely to stick to healthy food choices throughout the day中有关键词stick to healthy food choices，这个信息在AC项中都有，所以我们就要分析一下了：一个句子往往谓语动词表达核心意思，所以A项的核心是stick to，和原文中一致，而C项的核心是prefer“更喜欢”，与原文不符，故该题选A。

这里还需要提到一种方法，我们发现C项显然是A项的干扰项，那么答案A选出后，C项的“干扰使命”已经完成，所以也要划掉，来减少选项。

我们再来说标题法的逆向法，这种方法是在做段落展开或总结句的题目时，这些题目往往是段落的展开句（多在段中）或是总结句（多在段尾），这些句子都是要印证或呼应标题的，所以，做这种题目时，我们需要反过来看段落的标题。比如第37小题，段落的标题是Your productivity is improved.后面的展开句是Exercising makes you more awake，其中的awake和E项中的head clear是同义词，所以这道题选E。

二、关键词法

关键词法是说在做题时，要时刻牢记在原文和选项中寻找是否有同一词或同义词。比如下面第40小题，我们看后文有the sun’s rays，这和D项中的sunlight为同义词，所以答案为D。

关键词法还包含了在做题时，我们要找解题的关键信息。比如第36小题，后文的the answer就是解题的关键，这个词就提示我们前面一定是一个问句，我们看选项中问句的就B和E，我们再结合前文和文章的标题，不难判断答案为E。

Is Fresh Air Really Good for You?

We all grew up hearing people tell us to “go out and get some fresh air.”    36    According to recent studies, the answer is a big YES, if the air quality in your camping area is good.

   37    If the air you’re breathing is clean — which it would be if you’re away from the smog of cities-then the air is filled with life-giving, energizing oxygen. If you exercise out of doors, your body will learn to breathe more deeply, allowing even more oxygen to get to your muscles (肌肉) and your brain.

Recently, people have begun studying the connection between the natural world and healing (治愈).    38    In these places patients can go to be near nature during their recovery. It turns out that just looking at green, growing things can reduce stress, lower blood pressure, and put people into a better mood (情绪). Greenery is good for us. Hospital patients who see tree branches out their window are likely to recover at a faster rate than patients who see buildings or sky instead.    39    It gives us a great feeling of peace.

   40    While the sun’s rays can age and harm our skin, they also give is beneficial Vitamin D. To make sure you get enough Vitamin D — but still protect your skin — put on sunscreen right as you head outside. It takes sunscreen about fifteen minutes to start working, and that’s plenty of time for your skin to absorb a day’s worth of Vitamin D.

A. Fresh air cleans our lungs.

B. So what are you waiting for?

C. Being in nature refreshes us.

D. Another side benefit of getting fresh air is sunlight.

E. But is fresh air really as good for you as your mother always said?

F. Just as importantly, we tend to associate air with health care.

G. All across the country, recovery centers have begun building Healing Gardens.

三、半句话法

“半句话”是分析句子的标点符号，大多数都是“.”，我们需要看看是否有“，”，如果有逗号，说明这个句子是“半句话”，多数是只有一个从句，没有主句。

我们来看下面的第36小题和第37小题，它们后面都是“，”，说明这就是半句话。我们再来看选项，发现ABC三个选项都是状语从句，没有主句，属于“半句话”，因此，这两道题要从这三个选项中来选。我们先看第37小题，后句是they can get a little complex，它的主语是复数they，所以前面的从句中必须是复数，那么只有A项的all of them符合，所以37小题选A，这里也用到了代词的指代法。

在看第36小题，从前文的Do you want … Or are you just looking for …，特别是looking for和B项中的looking for是同一词，所以这道题选B，这里也用到了关键词法。

Color is fundamental in home design-something you’ll always have in every room. A grasp of how to manage color in your spaces in one of the first steps to creating rooms you’ll love to live in. Do you want a room that’s full of life? Professional? Or are you just looking for a place to relax after a long day?     36    , color is the key to making a room feel the way you want it to feel.

Over the years, there have been a number of different techniques to help designers approach this important point.     37    , they can get a little complex. But good news is that there’re really only three kinds of decisions you need to make about color in your home: the small ones, the medium ones, and the large ones.

    38    . They’re the little spots of color like throw pillows, mirrors and baskets that most of us use to add visual interest to our rooms. Less tiring than painting your walls and less expensive than buying a colorful sofa, small color choices bring with them the significant benefit of being easily changeable.

Medium color choices are generally furniture pieces such as sofas, dinner tables or bookshelves.     39    . They require a bigger commitment than smaller ones, and they have a more powerful effect on the feeling of a space.

The large color decisions in your rooms concern the walls, ceilings, and floors. Whether you’re looking at wallpaper or paint, the time, effort and relative expense put into it are significant.     40    .

A. While all of them are useful

B. Whatever you’re looking for

C. If you’re experimenting with a color

D. Small color choices are the ones we’re most familiar with

E. It’s not really a good idea to use too many small color pieces

F. So it pays to be sure, because you want to get it right the first time

G. Color choices in this range are a step up from the small ones in two major ways

四、总结性分层法

总结性分层法是指，文中有明显对文章或段落的层次结构总结的主题句，文章和段落很自然地划分出层次。比如，我们看上面的阅读文章中有这么一句话：But good news is that there’re really only three kinds of decisions you need to make about color in your home: the small ones, the medium ones, and the large ones.这个句子就是一个总结性分层的句子，下文就分别讲述了the small color, the medium color, and the large color。所以根据这个层次结构，第38小题很容易就能选出答案为D。

我们再试着找一找下文中的总结性分层的句子。

Secret codes (密码) keep messages private. Banks, companies, and government agencies use secret codes in doing business, especially when information is sent by computer.

People have used secret codes for thousands of years.   36   Code breaking never lags far behind code making. The science of creating and reading coded messages is called cryptography.

There are three main types of cryptography.   37   For example, the first letters of “My elephant eats too many eels” Spell out the hidden message “Meet me.”

就是这一句There are three main types of cryptography.

五、行文结构法

行文结构法是指文章在写作手法上使用相同的句式，也就是我们汉语中常说的“排比句”。

看下面节选的例子，第36题，前文使用了if引导的条件句，在选项中G项也使用了条件句，在行文上使用了相同的句式，所以这道题选G。

If you are already making the time to exercise, it is good indeed! With such busy lives, it can be hard to try and find the time to work out.    36    Working out in the morning provides additional benefits beyond being physically fit.

…

There are a lot of benefits to working out, especially in the mornings. Set your alarm clock an hour early and push yourself to work out! You will feel energized all day long.

A. You will stick to your diet.

B. Your quality of sleep improves.

C. You prefer healthy food to fast food.

D. There is no reason you should exercise in the morning.

E. You can keep you head clear for 4-10 hours after exercise.

F. After you exercise, you continue to burn calories throughout the day.

G. If you are planning to do exercise regularly, or you’re doing it now, then listen up.

又如，

Lots of people find it hard to get up in the morning and put the blame on the alarm clock. In fact, the key to easy morning wake-up lies in resting your body clock.   36   Here is how to make one.

  37   In order to make a change, you need to decide why it's important. Do you want to get up in time to have breakfast with your family, get in some exercise or just be better prepared for your day? Once you are clear about your reason, tell your family or roommates about the change you want to make.

Rethink mornings. Now that you know why you want to wake up, consider re-arranging your morning activities. If you want time to have breakfast with your family, save some time the night before by setting out clothes, shoes, and bags.   38   That’s a quarter-hour more you could be sleeping if you bought a coffee maker with a timer.

Keep your sleep/wake schedule on weekends. If you’re tired out by Friday night, sleeping in on Saturday could sound wonderful. But compensating (弥补) on the weekends actually feeds into your sleepiness the following week, a recent study found.   39 

Keep a record and evaluate it weekly. Keep track of your efforts and write down how you feel. After you’ve tried a new method for a week, take a look at your record.   40   If not, take another look at other methods you could try.

A. Gel a sleep specialist.

B. Find the right motivation.

C. A better plan for sleep can help.

D. And consider setting a second alarm.

E. If the steps you take arc working, keep it up.

F. Slick to your set bedtime and wake-up time, no matter the clay it is.

G. Reconsider the 15 minutes you spend in line at the café to get coffee.

我们看第40小题，后文是If not，这是一种省略，表示“如果不是这样”，那么上文一定是“如果怎么怎么样”，所以也是一个If引导的条件句，因此E项符合语境。

再如，

A code uses symbols to replace words, phrases, or sentences. To read the message of a real code, you must have a code book.   39   For example, “bridge” might stand for “meet” and “out” might stand for “me.” The message “bridge out” would actually mean “Meet me.”   40   However, it is also hard to keep a code book secret for long. So codes must be changed frequently.

A. It is very hard to break a code without the code book.

B. In any language, some letters are used more than others.

C. Only people who know the keyword can read the message.

D. As long as there have been codes, people have tried to break them.

E. You can hide a message by having the first letters of each word spell it out.

F. With a code book, you might write down words that would stand for other words.

G. Another way to hide a message is to use symbols to stand for specific letters of the alphabet.

上面的第40小题，后文it is also hard中，用了一个also，大家都知道这个词是“也”的意思，这里说也难，所以前文要说难，A项中It is very hard与之呼应，故选A。这也属于行文结构的相似。

六、代词指代法

代词指代法是指做题时，我们要特别注意代词it, that, them, they, those, these等，它们是指代前面提到的名词或句子的，要通过代词来判断前面的指代。我们还以下面这篇文章为例：

Is Fresh Air Really Good for You?

We all grew up hearing people tell us to “go out and get some fresh air.”    36    According to recent studies, the answer is a big YES, if the air quality in your camping area is good.

…

Recently, people have begun studying the connection between the natural world and healing (治愈).    38    In these places patients can go to be near nature during their recovery. It turns out that just looking at green, growing things can reduce stress, lower blood pressure, and put people into a better mood (情绪). Greenery is good for us. Hospital patients who see tree branches out their window are likely to recover at a faster rate than patients who see buildings or sky instead.    39    It gives us a great feeling of peace.

…

A. Fresh air cleans our lungs.

B. So what are you waiting for?

C. Being in nature refreshes us.

D. Another side benefit of getting fresh air is sunlight.

E. But is fresh air really as good for you as your mother always said?

F. Just as importantly, we tend to associate air with health care.

G. All across the country, recovery centers have begun building Healing Gardens.

我们来看第38小题和第39小题，第38小题的后文In these places（在这些地方），可知前文一定要出现表示地方的名词复数，所以G项中提到了building Healing Gardens，与下文In these places衔接；再看第39小题，后文有代词It，代词it可以指代名词的单数或是不可数名词，还可以指代前文的一件事（一个句子），这与C项所说的这件事相符。

七、列举法

列举法就容易理解了，就是根据后文所举例子来解题的方法。比如下面的第37小题和第39小题，后文都举了例子，我们可以根据所举例子来判断。

Secret codes (密码) keep messages private. Banks, companies, and government agencies use secret codes in doing business, especially when information is sent by computer.

People have used secret codes for thousands of years.   36   Code breaking never lags far behind code making. The science of creating and reading coded messages is called cryptography.

There are three main types of cryptography.   37   For example, the first letters of “My elephant eats too many eels” Spell out the hidden message “Meet me.”

  38   You might represent each letter with a number, for example. Let’s number the letters of the alphabet, in order, from 1 to 26. If we substitute a number for each letter, the message “Meet me” would read “13 5 20 13 5.”

A code uses symbols to replace words, phrases, or sentences. To read the message of a real code, you must have a code book.   39   For example, “bridge” might stand for “meet” and “out” might stand for “me.” The message “bridge out” would actually mean “Meet me.”   40   However, it is also hard to keep a code book secret for long. So codes must be changed frequently.

A. It is very hard to break a code without the code book.

B. In any language, some letters are used more than others.

C. Only people who know the keyword can read the message.

D. As long as there have been codes, people have tried to break them.

E. You can hide a message by having the first letters of each word spell it out.

F. With a code book, you might write down words that would stand for other words.

G. Another way to hide a message is to use symbols to stand for specific letters of the alphabet.

八、逻辑关系法

逻辑关系法就是在解题时利用表示不同逻辑关系的词来进行推断，比如however, but, instead等表示转折关系，therefore, so, thus等表示因果关系。我们看下面的例子：

Public Speaking Training

Get a coach

  36  , so get help. Since there are about a billion companies out there all ready to offer you public speaking training and courses, here are some things to look for when deciding the training that's right for you.

…

A. You aren’t like anybody else

B. You already do lots of things well

C. Turn your back on too many rules

D. Check the rules about dos and don’ts

E. Whatever the presentation, public speaking is tough

F. The one thing you don’t want is for them to fall asleep

G. So trying to force a whole set of rules into it will just make things worse

我们看第36小题，这一小题的后文是so get help（因此要寻求帮助），我们知道so“因此”，后面是结果，前面是原因，寻求帮助的原因肯定是难，和E项中的public speaking is tough相符，故选E。

上述总结的这些“七选五”阅读理解的解题技巧不是孤立使用的，在做题时，我们可以综合使用这些方法，根据具体的文章和语境，以及命题的特征来选用合适的方法和技巧。还有，在做题时一定要边做边划掉已选项，这样可以减少选项，提高解题的速度和正确率。

另外，如果考生有时间还是要不断提高自己的阅读能力，尽量读懂文章，再配合这些解题方法和技巧，就能事半功倍。如果时间不足，或是自己根本看不懂文章，很好地运用上述的解题方法和技巧就显得尤为重要了。大家还需要在实践中不断地应用和体会，把这些方法和技巧内化成自己的技能！